Abstract Quasi-truth (a.k.a. pragmatic truth or partial truth) is typically advanced as a framework accounting for incompleteness and uncertainty in the actual practices of science. Also, it is said to be useful for accommodating cases of inconsistency in science without leading to triviality. In this paper, we argue that the formalism available does not deliver all that is promised. We examine the standard account of quasi-truth in the literature, advanced by da Costa and collaborators in many places, and argue that it cannot legitimately account for incompleteness in science. We shall claim that it conflates paraconsistency and paracompleteness. It also cannot properly account for inconsistencies, because no direct contradiction of the form S ∧ ¬S can be quasi-true according to the framework; contradictions simply have no place in the formalism. Finally, we advance an alternative interpretation of the formalism in terms of dealing with distinct contexts where incompatible information is dealt with. This does not save the original program, but seems to make better sense of the apparatus.

Resumo Fundamento Tem-se sugerido que o consumo de bebidas energéticas (BEs) possa afetar a atividade cardiovascular. Objetivos Investigar os efeitos agudos da ingestão de BE sobre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) recuperação cardiovascular após exercício aeróbico moderado em homens de diferentes capacidades cardiorrespiratórias. Métodos Este é um estudo randomizado, duplo cego, crossover, controlado por placebo. Vinte e oito jovens adultos foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o pico de consumo de oxigênio (pico de VO2): (1) pico de VO2 alto (AO) – pico de VO2 > 52,15 mL/Kg/min, e (2) pico de VO2 baixo (BO) - pico de VO2 <52,15 mL/Kg/min. Os indivíduos de ambos os grupos foram submetidos a dois protocolos de exercícios em ordem aleatória: exercício moderado aeróbico (60% de pico de VO2) após a ingestão de 250 mL de água (protocolo placebo) ou 250 mL de BE (protocolo BE). Durante os testes de exercício, foram registrados valores de parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e de VFC. Resultados Foram observadas diferenças significativas para o índice de LF (unidades normalizadas) entre “repouso” e “Rec1” nos grupos de AO e BO durante o protocolo BE. Para a razão LF/HF, foram observadas diferenças significativas entre “repouso” e Rec1 nos grupos AO e BO nos protocolos BE. Conclusão A ingestão aguda de BE retardou a recuperação da frequência cardíaca após o exercício em indivíduos com capacidade cardiorrespiratória baixa e indivíduos com capacidade cardiorrespiratória alta.

Abstract Background It has been suggested that the consumption of energy drinks (ED) may affect cardiovascular activity. Objectives to investigate the acute effects of ED intake on heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiovascular recovery after moderate aerobic exercise in males with different cardiorespiratory capacities. Methods This is a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Twenty-eight young adults were split into two groups according to their peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) values: (1) High VO2 peak (HO) - VO2 peak > 52.15 mL/kg/min, and (2) low VO2 peak (LO) - peak VO2 <52.15 mL/kg/min. Subjects of both groups underwent two exercise protocols in randomized order: moderate aerobic exercise (60% of VO2peak) following the intake of 250 mL of water (placebo protocol) or 250 mL of ED (ED protocol). During the exercise tests, values of cardiorespiratory and HRV parameters were recorded. Results Significant differences were observed for the LF (normalized units) index between rest and Rec1 in HO energy and LO groups during the ED protocol. For the LF/HF ratio, significant differences were seen between rest and Rec1 in HO and LO during ED protocols. Conclusion Acute ED intake delayed heart rate recovery after exercise in subjects with low and high cardiorespiratory fitness.

RESUMO Tradicionalmente, ser realista sobre algo significa crer na existência independente desse algo. Em termos ontológicos, isto é, acerca do que há, o realismo científico pode ser entendido como envolvendo a adoção de uma ontologia que seja cientificamente informada. Mas, segundo alguns filósofos, a atitude realista deve ir além da ontologia. A forma como essa exigência tem sido entendida envolve fornecer uma metafísica para as entidades postuladas pela ciência. Discutimos como duas abordagens em voga encaram o desafio de fornecer uma metafísica para a ciência: uma forma de naturalismo e a abordagem Viking/Toolbox. Por fim, apresentamos uma terceira via, que adota o melhor das duas abordagens: o método metapopperiano, que foca em descartarmos quais as alternativas erradas, ou melhor dizendo, os perfis metafísicos incompatíveis com certas teorias. Apresentamos o método metapopperiano, um método de metametafísica capaz de avaliar objetivamente quais os perfis metafísicos que são incompatíveis com certas teorias científicas. Para isso, usaremos como estudo de caso a mecânica quântica, mostrando resultados obtidos previamente. Com esse método, podemos ver como a ciência pode ser usada para evitar o erro em questões metafísicas. Essa seria, na nossa opinião, uma forma de desenvolver uma relação produtiva entre ciência e metafísica.

ABSTRACT Traditionally, being a realist about something means believing in the independent existence of that something. In this line of thought, a scientific realist is someone who believes in the objective existence of the entities postulated by our best scientific theories. In metaphysical terms, what does that mean? In ontological terms, i.e., in terms of what exists, scientific realism can be understood as involving the adoption of a scientifically informed ontology. But according to some philosophers, a realistic attitude must go beyond ontology. The way in which this requirement has been understood involves providing a metaphysics for the entities postulated by science, that is, answering questions about the nature of what ontology admits to exist. We discuss how two fashionable approaches face the challenge of providing a metaphysics for science: a form of naturalism and the Viking/Toolbox approach. Finally, we present a third way, which adopts the best of both approaches: the meta-Popperian method, which focuses on discarding the wrong alternatives, or better saying, the metaphysical profiles incompatible with certain theories. We present the meta-Popperian method, a metametaphysical method capable of objectively assessing which metaphysical profiles are incompatible with certain scientific theories. For this, we will use quantum mechanics as a case study, presenting some previously obtained results. As our focus is on methodological questions about the relationship between metaphysics and science; with this method, we can see how science can be used to avoid error in metaphysical issues. In our opinion, this would be a way to develop a productive relationship between science and metaphysics.

ABSTRACT Evaluating the impacts of water stress on crop yield allows comparing irrigation management alternatives, aiming to ensure an economic return for the irrigated farms. Thus, the main objectives of this study were to model the soil water balance, deriving the crop coefficients, grain yield prediction, and economic return of soybean grown at different levels of water deficit and price quotations. The experiment was carried out under a rainout shelter, using four irrigation water managements. Irrigations were applied when the soil available water in the root zone reached 75%, 64%, 60%, and 50% of the total available water (TAW). Crop and soil parameters were monitored throughout the crop season. The SIMDualKc model was used to simulate the soil water balance. Statistics indicators demonstrated the goodness of the simulation, with regression coefficients (b0) ranging from 0.96 and 0.99 and root mean square errors (RMSE) ≤8.4 mm. Crop coefficients for initial, intermediate, and final stages were calibrated and validated at 0.15, 1.00, and 0.10, respectively. Crop yield and economic return were higher for the treatment kept at 75% of TAW, results that should be considered in irrigation management programs.

Estudou-se a construção de sistemas de LED aplicados a processos de fotosensitização. Visando à obtenção de dispositivos mais eficientes avaliou-se a aplicação de LED de alta potência (HPLED), que apresenta maior fluxo fotônico, tendendo a excitar uma maior fração de moléculas. Foram descritos detalhes de construção de 3 diferentes sistemas de irradiação completamente distintos (lâmpada halógena filtrada, LED convencional, HPLED), utilizando azul de metileno como fotosensitizador. A comparação entre a eficiência de cada equipamento foi realizada através da cinética de fotooxidação de 1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran e inativação de Staphylococcus aureus. A emissão de luz de cada equipamento, sobreposta à absorção do fotosensitizador, também se mostrou um importante parâmetro na estimativa da eficiência dos equipamentos. Foi observada uma inibição bacteriana superior a 99% para concentrações de 5 × 10-6 mol dm-3 de fotosensitizador, no sistema que emprega HPLED. Os equipamentos baseados em LED, apresentaram resultados satisfatórios além de baixo custo e simples montagem.

The construction of LED systems applied to photosensitization processes was studied. Aiming to obtain more efficient devices it was evaluated the use of high intensity LED (HPLED), that present greater photonic flux, tending to excite a greater fraction of molecules. Construction details for 3 different irradiation systems were described (filtered halogen bulbs, conventional LED, HPLED), using methylene blue as a photosensitizer. A comparison between the efficiency of the equipments was carried out through the kinetics of photooxidation of 1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran and Staphylococcus aureus photoinactivation. The overlap between the light emited from each equipment and the photosensitizer absorption, was also an important parameter in estimating the efficiency of the equipment. Bacterial inhibition higher than 99% for concentrations of 5 × 10-6 mol dm-3 of the photosensitizer was observed, in the system that uses HPLED. The equipments based on LED showed satisfactory results, besides their low cost and simple to assembling.

We studied stomachs contents of 50 specimens of four common cuckoo species (Cuculidae) from southern Brazil: Guira guira (Gmelin, 1788) (n = 21), Coccyzus melacoryphus (Vieillot, 1817) (n = 8), Crotophaga ani (Linnaeus, 1758) (n = 11), and Piaya cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) (n = 10). We measured stomach volume and prey were identified and quantified based in their dimensions. The size of the prey was associated with bill width and body mass. Diet items were analyzed and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level, based on literature, scientific collection data, and specialists. The diet of the four species was composed by 100% animal species, with invertebrate dominance. Only in G. guira stomachs the presence of vertebrates was observed more than once (amphibian, reptile, and bird). C. ani, which had similar diet, ingested a large number of Arachnida and Orthoptera. Piaya cayana ate mostly Hemiptera. The predominance of caterpillars (Lepidoptera), suggested in the literature was not observed in the diet of C. melacoryphus. There was a statistically significant difference in bill width and body mass among the bird species, and there was no correlation between bill width and the proportion of medium and large-sized prey.

The influence of oxygen supply rate on the growth and the production of both ethanol and acetaldehyde by the aerotolerant fermentative bacterium Z. mobilis is discussed in this work. The results showed similar values of cell mass yield (0.043 g/g) for the five different levels of initial volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (K La) studied. The maximum specific growth rate (µx,m.) under anaerobic conditions was higher than those found in aerated runs. Anaerobic cultivation resulted in the best ethanol yield (0.38 g/g). For initial K La values of 62, 94, and 118 h-1, ethanol yields were 0.10, 0.12, and 0.09 g/g, respectively, whereas for K La of 30 h-1, an intermediate value (0.24 g/g) was achieved. Under anaerobiosis, no acetaldehyde was produced. With initial K La values of 62, 94, and 118 h-1, acetaldehyde yields were similar (0.12 to 0.17 g/g), and for K La of 30 h-1 only 0.07 gram of acetaldehyde was formed per gram of glucose. Although increasing values for the maximal specific acetaldehyde formation rate were calculated as K La was increased, our results showed that the presence of an excess of dissolved oxygen throughout fermentation is enough to provide appropriate conditions for the production of acetaldehyde by Z. mobilis.